Website and data research by 101Leafy.

101Leafy researched the game to work out its damage formulas. Pick the two units, set the field, and the page shows the damage range and the chances to hit and to land a critical hit.

Only races that are slowed by terrain take a terrain factor. The others always use x1.

How damage works

1. Physical: q = 3 x St x St / target Df, rounded down.
2. q is multiplied by the affinity of the attacker's race against the target's race, then by terrain, rank, and moon. Each factor is in sixteenths, so 16 is x1.
3. The hero and heroine always use x1 for rank and moon.
4. A random factor from 112 to 127 (in 256ths) is applied last. The result is at least 1.
5. A critical hit doubles the damage. A slayer weapon doubles it again against its two races. Every other weapon counts as a slayer of Megami and Deity, so the hero and heroine with a plain weapon also do double damage to those two races.
6. Spells: q = 2 x power x Ma / target Ma, rounded down, times the target's resistance to the element (in sixteenths), times the random factor, divided by 8. Tyrants each have their own resistance row.
7. Hit: the further the target's Ag is above the attacker's, the more likely a miss. Critical: the further the attacker's Ag is above the target's, the more likely a critical hit. Both read the same chance table.